Hello World, 

In some previous posts, we have demonstrated how to deploy Ubuntu 18.04 through PXE technology.  Ubuntu 20.04 has been released for some time now, it’s time to provide some updates about the PXE deployment.  Ubuntu 20.04 has introduced some changes that might impact the way a deployment through the network can be performed.  If you look for information on how to deploy Ubuntu 18.04 through PXE, please read the following posts

• Ubuntu – Ultimate PXE Server Setup – BIOS & UEFI Support
• Ubuntu – Setup PXE Server using pxelinux files only (Bios & UEFI Support)
• Ubuntu – Ubuntu PXE Server using only Grub files (BIOS & UEFI Support)
• Ubuntu 18.04 – How to install Ubuntu 18.04 Server through PXE – Part I
• Ubuntu 18.04 – How to install Ubuntu Desktop through PXE – Part II
• Ubuntu 18.04 – How to install UEFI Ubuntu client through PXE infrastructure – Part III

So, let’s focus on Ubuntu 20.04 and see how the process has changed (or not !!) 

Overview

This guide will describe the necessary steps needed in order to deploy Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop through the network using PXE technology.  To deploy operating systems through PXE technology, there are some server roles and services that needs to be present on the network.  PXE deployments relies on DHCP,DNS, TFTP, File and Web Services.  In this post, we will prepare the infrastructure needed to have PXE capabilities.   This setup guide will allow the deployment of Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop Edition to UEFI or Bios based systems. 

Let’s go ! 

Step by Step Guide

Assumptions 

The following assumptions have been made in order to have this scenario working 

• You have internet connection in order to download additional necessary packages
• You have Ubuntu 20.04.1 Desktop ISO or installation files
• The PXE Server will be hosted on Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop
• Our virtual plaftorm is based on Hyper-V Server
• VM Generation 2 will be used in order to have UEFI and SecureBoot option is Enabled (detailed instruction can be found here)

Step 0 – Installing Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop

We will need to have a “PXE Server” deployed on the network.  In our scenario, an Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop system will be used. This machine will host the necessary services needed to deploy operating system through network.  Obviously, you could have used Ubuntu Server Edition as the steps and processes are quite similar.   Be sure that Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop has the latest updates installed.

Step 1 – Download necessary packages

In this post, we assume that the Ubuntu Desktop 20.04 will be hosting all the necessary services needed to implement a proper PXE Infrastructure. To setup a PXE infra, we need to install the following packages 

• dnsmasq (providing DHCP,DNS and TFTP services),
• apache web for storage purposes and
• NFS packages if you are planning to deploy Ubuntu Desktop through your PXE infrastructure. 

Step 1.1 – Install apache web server

To install the apache package, you will issue the following command  

sudo apt-get install apache2

Step 1.2 – Install NFS packages

NFS packages will provide file services capabilities. To install the nfs packages, execute the following commands 

sudo apt-get install nfs-kernel-server 

Step 1.3 – Install dnsmasq packages

To install the dnsmasq package, you will issue the following command  

sudo apt-get install dnsmasq

During the installation, you will see some errors and warnings. At this stage, this is an expected behavior.  Additional configuration will be needed at later stage

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Step 1.4 –Download pxelinux Packages

We will first download the PXELinux package from the web site creator

mkdir ~/Downloads/syslinux
cd ~/Downloads/syslinux
wget https://mirrors.edge.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/boot/syslinux/syslinux-6.03.zip
unzip syslinux-6.03.zip

Step 1.5 –Download “UEFI” Packages

The commands below basically will download the necessary signed bootloader files and grub files needed by PXE server and extract the contents on their dedicated folders (shim and grub). These files are needed to pxeboot uefi clients…..

apt-get download shim.signed
dpkg -x <%name of deb package%> shim

apt-get download grub-efi-amd64-signed
dpkg -x <%name of deb package%> grub

Step 2 – Setup Static IP Address

Usually, Ubuntu installation are using dynamic ip addresses (DHCP). We will move from the dynamic configuration to a static configuration.  To perform such operation, you will click on the network icon on the right side of the top bar > expand the wired connected and select wired settings

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In the right pane, click the gear to open the properties pages 

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Go to the IPv4  tab

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Change from Automatic to Dynamic and set the necessary ip address information. Press the Apply button and you are back to the network settings page  

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To effectively apply the changes, you have to disable and re-enable the network by using the slider button (or you can reboot the computer)

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To check that the correct ip address has been set, you can open the terminal console and issue the following command ip addr.  In the screenshot, we can see that the ip address is set accordingly.  take also a note of the name of the interface (in the screenshot, it’s eth0) as this information will be needed at a later stage

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Step 3 – Create the TFTP Folder Structure

We will create a folder called tftp at root of the filesystem (/tftp).   Within this folder, the following structure will be create

tftp
 |-bios
 |-boot
 |-grub 

To create this structure, you will need to execute the following commands in your Terminal Console

sudo mkdir /tftp
sudo mkdir /tftp/bios
sudo mkdir /tftp/boot
sudo mkdir /tftp/grub

Step 4 – Create the web Folder Structure

Because you are using the Apache Web server, we will be copying all sources files under /var/www/html directory.  We will copy the iso files contents of Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop and Ubuntu Server under this location.

Our structure will look like the following representation.   Obviously, you can create your own structure

var  
 |-www
   |-html
     |-server
         |-ubuntu-20.04
         |-ubuntu-18.04
         |- ...
     |-desktop
         |-ubuntu-20.04
         |-ubuntu-18.04
         |- ...  

To create the following folder structure, you can use the following commands in a Terminal Console

sudo mkdir /var/www/html/desktop/
sudo mkdir /var/www/html/desktop/ubuntu-20.04
sudo mkdir /var/www/html/desktop/ubuntu-18.04
sudo mkdir /var/www/html/server

Step 5 – Populate the web folder structure

So, mount your iso file into your Ubuntu PXE machine.  To mount it, issue the following command 

sudo mount /dev/sr0 /media

Copy the files from the iso image into the correct directory.  You can use the following syntax to perform the operation 

sudo cp -rf  <%Your Path To Install Files%>/*  /var/www/html/desktop/focal
example : sudo cp -rf /media/*  /var/www/html/desktop/u2004

The command below is copying all the contents of the source cdrom except a hidden folder which is needed to have the pxe process working as expected.  So, you have to run an additional command in order to ensure that all the files you need have been copied accordingly.  From a Terminal Console, issue the following command 

sudo cp -rf  <%Your Path To Install Files%>/.disk  /var/www/html/desktop/focal 
example : sudo cp -rf /media/cdrom_Name/.disk /var/www/html/desktop/u2004

When the copy is finished, unmount the iso/DVD image from your machine by issuing the following command 

sudo umount /media

You can check that your files have been copied accordingly by browsing to /var/www/html/desktop/xxxx.

Step 6 – Configuring your NFS Server Settings 

Since our folder structure is ready, we can start configuring the different services that are used by the PXE server.   To ensure that our directory structure is accessible through the network and through the nfs protocol, we will need to edit the following file by issuing the following command

sudo nano /etc/exports

Insert at the bottom of the file, the path where you have stored your installation files, which subnet can access it and which kind of right you want to grant.  In our  scenario, we want to grant access to the following directory /var/www/html/desktop  through the network subnet 192.168.1.0/24 and we are granting read only access (ro).  So, at the end of the file, we would add the following line 

/var/www/html/desktop             192.168.1.0/24(ro)

When this has been done, it’s time to restart the nfs service. To do that, you simply execute the following command 

sudo systemctl restart nfs-kernel-server

Step  7 – Configuring the dnsmasq service

Almost there !  Now, we need to configure the dnsmasq service which will provide the glue between the different services.  dnsmasq configuration file will be used to provide the necessary information to the pxe client when it boots.  This file will dictate where to look for pxe bootloader based on the client architecture (uefi or bios).  So, let’s edit the /etc/dnsmasq.conf file and at the bottom add the following information

To edit the configuration file, issue the following command  

sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf 

Copy and update the following information at the bottom of the file 

Note : You will need to modify it accordingly to reflect your own infrastructure

#Interface information 
#--use ip addr to see the name of the interface on your system
interface=eth0,lo
bind-interfaces
domain=c-nergy.local

#--------------------------
#DHCP Settings
#--------------------------
#-- Set dhcp scope
dhcp-range=192.168.1.160,192.168.1.200,255.255.255.0,2h

#-- Set gateway option
dhcp-option=3,192.168.1.1

#-- Set DNS server option
dhcp-option=6,192.168.1.1

#-- dns Forwarder info
server=8.8.8.8

#----------------------#
# Specify TFTP Options #
#----------------------#

#--location of the pxeboot file
dhcp-boot=/bios/pxelinux.0,pxeserver,192.168.1.150

#--enable tftp service
enable-tftp

#-- Root folder for tftp
tftp-root=/tftp

#--Detect architecture and send the correct bootloader file
dhcp-match=set:efi-x86_64,option:client-arch,7 
dhcp-boot=tag:efi-x86_64,grub/bootx64.efi

 

To have the change applied to your system, you will need to restart the dnsmasq service.  To perform such task, you will execute the following command 

sudo systemctl restart dnsmasq

Then, you should check that the dnsmasq is started correctly and that no errors are reported by issuing the command 

sudo systemctl status dnsmasq

Step 8  – Populate TFTP Folder

Now, we need to populate the TFTP folder structure. 

Step 8.1 – Populate bios folder

We have created the folder /tftp/bios in a previous step.  This folder will hold the needed pxelinux files that we will be using to boot from network

sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/com32/elflink/ldlinux/ldlinux.c32  /tftp/bios
sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/com32/libutil/libutil.c32  /tftp/bios  
sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/com32/menu/menu.c32  /tftp/bios
sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/com32/menu/vesamenu.c32  /tftp/bios 
sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/core/pxelinux.0  /tftp/bios
sudo cp <%your download location%>/bios/core/lpxelinux.0  /tftp/bios

Step 8.2 – Populate grub folder 

We will do the same for the grub folder. The grub folder contains files that are needed for UEFI computers.  We will need to obtain the correct version of grub files (the ones that are signed).   

When this is done, we can simply copy the needed file into the tftp boot folder.  So, execute the following commands. Change the path accordingly based on your settings… 

sudo cp ~/Downloads/grub/usr/lib/grub/x86_64-efi-signed/grubnetx64.efi.signed  /tftp/grubx64.efi
sudo cp ~/Downloads/shim/usr/lib/shim/shimx64.efi.signed  /tftp/grub/bootx64.efi

Finally, we will copy two additional files from the source iso image.  They will server as base for the next step. So, execute the following commands 

sudo cp /var/www/html/desktop/u2004/boot/grub/grub.cfg  /tftp/grub/
sudo cp /var/www/html/desktop/u2004/boot/grub/font.pf2 /tftp/grub/

Step 8.3 – Populate boot folder 

In this step, we need to place the correct bootloader in order for the installation process to start accordingly.  We will copy the necessary files from the /var/www/html location.   Issue the following commands to copy the necessary files to the correct location

Note : Ensure that the folder /tftp/boot/casper has been created and exists….

sudo cp /var/www/html/desktop/u2004/casper/vmlinuz      /tftp/boot/casper
sudo cp /var/www/html/desktop/u2004/casper/initrd       /tftp/boot/casper

Step 8.4 – Create symbolic link to  boot folder

You will also need to create a symbolic link to the /tftp/boot folder.  You will need to issue the following command 

sudo ln -s /tftp/boot  /tftp/bios/boot

Step  9 – Creating/Updating pxelinux.cfg & grub.cfg file

These are the most important files of the configuration.  These files tells the target machine where to connect and where the file source files needed to perform the network installation.  So, let’s create them…

Step 9.1 – create you pxelinux configuration file

We will also need to create the folder called pxelinux.cfg under the /tftp/bios folder.

sudo mkdir /tftp/bios/pxelinux.cfg

Inside this folder, we will create an empty file called default.  This file control the pxelinux behavior. We will populate it with the following code 

DEFAULT menu.c32
MENU TITLE ULTIMATE PXE SERVER - By Griffon - Ver 2.0
PROMPT 0 
TIMEOUT 0

MENU COLOR TABMSG  37;40  #ffffffff #00000000
MENU COLOR TITLE   37;40  #ffffffff #00000000 
MENU COLOR SEL      7     #ffffffff #00000000
MENU COLOR UNSEL    37;40 #ffffffff #00000000
MENU COLOR BORDER   37;40 #ffffffff #00000000

LABEL Ubuntu Desktop 20.04
    kernel /boot/casper/vmlinuz
    append nfsroot=192.168.1.150:/var/www/html/desktop/u2004 netboot=nfs ip=dhcp boot=casper initrd=/boot/casper/initrd systemd.mask=tmp.mount --

Save it 

You are ready to move to the next section

Step 9.2 – create you grub configuration file

We are almost done !  Now, we need to create also a grub boot menu and get the proper option available and working.  The grub boot loader reads information from the grub.cfg file.  If you have followed this step by step guide, the content of the grub.cfg file should look like this 

if loadfont /grub/font.pf2 ; then
set gfxmode=auto
insmod efi_gop
insmod efi_uga
insmod gfxterm
terminal_output gfxterm
fi

set menu_color_normal=white/black
set menu_color_highlight=black/light-gray
set timeout=5

menuentry "Ubuntu Desktop 20.04" {
set gfxpayload=keep
linux /boot/casper/vmlinuz ip=dhcp nfsroot=192.168.1.150:/var/www/html/desktop/u2004/ netboot=nfs ip=dhcp boot=casper systemd.mask=tmp.mount --
initrd /boot/casper/initrd
}

Save it 

Step  10 – Testing your implementation

At this stage, we have to validate our work.  If everything is working as expected, you will be able to boot a BIOS based computer from the network and you would see the following PXE Menu.

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If you start the process from a UEFI based computer, you will see the following menu

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Selecting the menu option, you will see the boot process starting and at the end of the process, you should be see presented with the live version of the Ubuntu 20.04 Desktop Edition. From there you can perform your manual installation.

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Using some “answer file”; it’s possible to automate the installation of your Ubuntu machine.  The automation process will not be explained in this post as the post is becoming really long.  Possibly in a future post, we might want to describe and demonstrate the process…..

Final Notes

This is it for this post !  At the beginning of the post, we said that Ubuntu 20.04 introduced some changes and that these changes could impact our ability to perform pxe installation.  As we have been specifically discussing the desktop version, we can see that the process is quite similar to the methods and techniques we used with Ubuntu 18.04.  The change introduced in Ubuntu 20.04 are more related to the deployment of the server edition where the netboot image is being deprecated.  Moreover, the new installation wizard of the Server edition also introduces changes in the way the installation process would occur through the network… 

We might publish a post about Ubuntu 20.04 Server Edition and how to work with the new wizard (called Subiquity).  We will be able to test and see if deployment through the network is still possible and easy enough to implement

Till next time

See ya